Here is an overview of sixth-generation fighter jets: technologies, innovations, and challenges for the combat aircraft of the future.

Sixth-generation aircraft play an important role in modern air strategy. Each fighter jet of this type is designed to operate in complex environments while ensuring a high level of coordination with different units. Interoperability and discretion are two major priorities, supported by the precise use of artificial intelligence and secure networks. It is estimated that these aircraft could enter service by the end of the decade, with a global budget exceeding several billion euros.

These projects require cutting-edge technical choices, such as the integration of advanced materials and the development of more powerful engines. The combat aircraft in this segment must not only ensure air superiority, but also fulfill several complementary missions, such as reconnaissance and tactical support. Research programs show that a sixth-generation fighter jet operates using sensitive sensors and interconnected weapon systems.

The teams in charge of this development are focusing on a combination of digital strategies and agile platforms to arrive at a reliable concept. Budget, maintenance, and personnel training issues remain key. Several countries are already working on prototypes or industrial collaborations to secure a competitive position in the international market. This development is driven by the desire to maintain a technological and strategic advantage in the face of the challenges posed by current conflict zones. Public demonstrations are being organized to test their responsiveness.

Background – Overview of previous generations of fighter jets

Technological developments since the first combat aircraft

Fighter aircraft have undergone significant technological advances since their inception. The first generations, developed during and after World War II, were equipped with piston engines and armed with machine guns. The introduction of jet engines marked the beginning of the second generation, offering supersonic speeds and improved maneuverability. Subsequent generations incorporated advances such as Doppler pulse radar, beyond visual range targeting capability, and more sophisticated weapon systems. The fifth generation, represented by aircraft such as the F-22 Raptor, is distinguished by advanced stealth features, full sensor fusion, and supercruise.

Key points that marked each stage

• First generation: Introduction of jet aircraft, such as the Messerschmitt Me 262.
• Second generation: Improved speed and altitude, with aircraft such as the F-86 Sabre.
• Third generation: Supersonic cruise capability and use of pulse radars, exemplified by the F-4 Phantom II.
• Fourth generation: High maneuverability, integration of advanced avionics and versatile weapon systems, such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon.
• Fifth generation: Stealth, sensor fusion, and network-centric capabilities, exemplified by the F-35 Lightning II.

Geopolitical factors driving the need for advanced equipment

Regional and international threats

Current geopolitical tensions, particularly in the Asia-Pacific and Eastern Europe, are pushing nations to modernize their air forces. The military rise of countries such as China and Russia is prompting the United States and its allies to develop sixth-generation fighter jets to maintain their air superiority.

Strategic role of military aviation

Military aviation plays a crucial role in power projection and deterrence. Modern fighter jets offer versatile capabilities, ranging from air defense to ground attack and reconnaissance. The ability to operate in contested environments and integrate emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, is essential to meeting contemporary security challenges.

Technical foundations

Integration of AI for real-time analysis

Sixth-generation fighter jets integrate artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze data in real time. This capability enables rapid and accurate decision-making during missions. For example, the US Air Force’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program aims to develop AI-equipped fighter jets to improve operational efficiency.

In addition, exercises have been conducted in which AI took control of a fighter jet, demonstrating its ability to perform complex maneuvers without human intervention.

Impacts on mission management and resource optimization

AI optimizes mission management by coordinating actions between different aircraft and allocating resources efficiently. For example, the Air Combat System of the Future (SCAF) provides an air combat cloud that puts real-time intelligence at the forefront, leveraging the networked capabilities of different aircraft and platforms.

This integration also reduces the workload of pilots, allowing them to focus on strategic tasks while leaving the AI to handle tactical aspects.

Materials and engines

Use of innovative components to reduce weight

Sixth-generation fighter jets use advanced materials to reduce weight while increasing strength. The use of nanomaterials and composites makes the aircraft lighter, improving maneuverability and energy efficiency.
For example, the Tempest project incorporates composite materials to optimize aircraft performance.

Development of more powerful and fuel-efficient engines

The engines of 6th generation fighter jets are designed to deliver increased power while being more fuel-efficient. The development of adaptive engines allows performance to be adjusted according to mission requirements, thereby improving the aircraft’s range and stealth capabilities.
For example, the Next European Fighter Engine (NEFE) is being developed to power the next-generation fighter under the SCAF program.
These technological advances are helping to enhance the operational capabilities of 6th generation fighter aircraft, thereby meeting the requirements of modern warfare.

Programs and alliances

Major international projects

Initiatives in Europe, America and Asia
Several nations are developing 6th generation fighter aircraft to replace their current fleets and respond to emerging threats.

• Europe: The Future Combat Air System (FCAS) is a collaboration between France, Germany, and Spain. This program aims to create a new-generation fighter, the Next Generation Fighter (NGF), with entry into service planned for 2040.
• United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan: The Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP), which grew out of the Tempest project, aims to develop a 6th generation fighter aircraft. Design and development are underway, with entry into service planned for 2035.
• United States: The US Air Force’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program aims to replace the F-22 Raptor. The NGAD is expected to incorporate advanced technologies, with entry into service planned for the 2030s.
• China: China is working on sixth-generation fighter jet concepts, although details remain limited. A mock-up of a new aircraft, nicknamed “White Emperor,” was unveiled at the Zhuhai Air Show.

Provisional entry into service schedules

• SCAF: Entry into service planned for 2040.
• GCAP: Entry into service planned for 2035.
• NGAD: Deployment expected in the 2030s.
• China: No official entry into service date has been announced.

Industrial strategies and collaborations

Industrial groups and cross-border partnerships

The development of sixth-generation fighter jets relies on international collaborations between manufacturers.

• SCAF: Partnership between Dassault Aviation, Airbus Defence and Space, Indra, and Thales. These companies are combining their expertise to develop the NGF and associated systems.
• GCAP: Collaboration between BAE Systems, Leonardo, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Rolls-Royce. These manufacturers are working together on the design, development, and production of the fighter jet.
• NGAD: The main contractors include Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and Boeing. These companies are developing advanced technologies for the future US fighter jet.
  Sharing expertise and funding
  These programs involve sharing technological expertise and development costs.
• SCAF: Costs are shared between the partner countries, with an initial budget of several billion euros for the development phases. Each nation contributes its specific expertise, thereby strengthening European cooperation in the field of defense.
• GCAP: Funding is shared between the United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan. Manufacturers are working closely together to integrate cutting-edge technologies while meeting each country’s specific requirements.
• NGAD: Funded primarily by the US defense budget, the program benefits from the combined expertise of the leading players in the US aerospace industry. The goal is to maintain air superiority in the face of emerging threats.

These international collaborations aim to pool resources and expertise to develop sixth-generation fighter jets that meet future operational needs while optimizing production costs and lead times.

Financial aspects and training

Development costs

Estimated budgets and economic challenges
The development of sixth-generation fighter jets involves considerable investment. For example, the Japanese F-X program has a budget of around $48 billion (approximately €44 billion) for its completion.
In the United States, the US Air Force’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program estimates the unit cost of each aircraft at between $250 million and $300 million (approximately €230 million to €275 million).

These amounts reflect the technological complexity and advanced capabilities expected of these aircraft.

Return on investment and benefits for the industry

Despite these high costs, the economic benefits for the aviation industry are significant. The development of these aircraft stimulates innovation, creates highly skilled jobs and strengthens the competitiveness of the companies involved.

For example, the Neuron program, a European stealth combat drone demonstrator, was completed on budget and on schedule, demonstrating the industry’s ability to manage complex projects on a European scale.
In addition, the export sales of these aircraft can generate substantial revenues, helping to offset the initial development costs.

The impact on pilot and mechanic training

New skills required
Sixth-generation fighter aircraft incorporate advanced technologies, requiring pilots and mechanics to adapt their skills. Pilots must master sophisticated weapon systems, artificial intelligence, and innovative human-machine interfaces.
Mechanics, meanwhile, must be trained in the maintenance of new-generation composite materials and complex electronic systems.

Adaptation of simulators and training programs
To meet these requirements, training programs are evolving. The use of high-tech flight simulators allows pilots to train in realistic virtual environments, reducing the costs and risks associated with actual training flights.
For example, the French Air and Space Force uses the Pilatus PC-21, a modern training aircraft equipped with an advanced cockpit, to train its pilots in the requirements of current and future combat aircraft.

In addition, mechanic training now includes modules specific to new technologies, ensuring efficient and safe maintenance of 6th generation aircraft.

These adaptations ensure that flight and technical personnel are prepared for the challenges posed by the introduction of 6th generation fighter jets, ensuring a smooth transition to these new operational capabilities.

Operational outlook

Operational scenarios

Air-to-air and air-to-ground missions
Sixth-generation fighter aircraft are designed to excel in air-to-air and air-to-ground missions. In air-to-air combat, they must ensure air superiority by neutralizing enemy targets at long range using advanced sensors and next-generation weapons. For example, the US Air Force’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program aims to replace the F-22A Raptor to counter emerging threats.
In air-to-ground missions, these aircraft are capable of striking ground targets with precision, even in heavily defended environments. Their stealth and ability to penetrate anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) zones make them essential for deep strikes. For example, the Tempest fighter, developed by the United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan, is designed to be interoperable and adaptable, with integrated sensors and next-generation radar.

Role in deterrence and power projection
These aircraft play a crucial role in deterrence by demonstrating an ability to respond effectively to any threat. Their presence deters potential adversaries and ensures a credible defense posture. In addition, their ability to be rapidly deployed to distant theaters of operation allows for significant power projection, enhancing the military and political influence of the nations that possess them. The Future Combat Air System (FCAS) program, led by France, Germany, and Spain, illustrates this ambition to maintain a technological and strategic edge.

Forecasts on the evolution of threats

Anticipating asymmetric or technological threats
Threats are evolving toward asymmetric forms and rapid technological advances. Sixth-generation fighter jets must anticipate sophisticated air defense systems, armed drones, and cyberattacks. For example, China recently unveiled prototypes of sixth-generation stealth aircraft, indicating rapid progress in this area.

Need for adaptability in the face of varied situations
To cope with this diversity of threats, these aircraft must be highly adaptable. This includes the ability to rapidly integrate new technologies, operate in contested environments, and collaborate with unmanned systems. The Global Combat Air Program (GCAP), bringing together the United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan, aims to develop an interoperable and connected combat aircraft capable of adapting to future threats.
This adaptability ensures that air forces can respond effectively to a variety of situations, thereby maintaining their operational superiority.